1.“对话”部分中的考查重点及常见短语：

（1）职业与身份：

a,教师与学生

可能的场景：学生问老师问题；学生寻求老师帮助；学生询问老师对作业的意见；老师要求学生校对论文打印错误等。

常见词与短语：

textbook, course, subject, homework, assignment, test, quiz, tuition, school record（成绩单）,credits（学分）,registration, quit school, term paper, thesis（毕业论文）, band（乐队）,Students’Union, gymnasium, homecoming（校友聚会）, dormitory, teaching building，do research for ,professor, semester, work as one’s teaching assistant, assistance, assist, trouble a professor, may I ask you a few questions, I have a class at ten, come in one’s office hours, finish reading one’s research report, revise (improve) some parts of it, get it published, read some papers he recommended, correct all the typing errors in a paper, read it through again, check the paper for typing errors等。

b,图书馆管理员与学生

常见词与短语:

library, book for reading assignment, magazine, periodical, fiction, reading room, library card, library catalogue（图书馆的图书目录）, loan desk（借书处）, journal, reference book, stacks（书库）, shelves, renew, due（到期的）, overdue（过期的）, close, open, weekend, weekday, check out, volume two (ten), check for sb., borrow, one the upper shelf, a book hard to identify/ is missing, has been misplaced等。

c,营业员与顾客

常见词与短语:on sale, bargain, price, out of style（老式）, fashion, ready-made（成衣）, cloth pattern（花纹，图案）,tip, cash or charge（付现金还是记账）,department store, cashier, supermarket, daily necessities, check-out stand（付款柜台）, receipt, shop assistant, salesman, clerk等。

d，饭店与顾客

常见词与短语:

seasoning（调味品）, menu, wine, drink, food, snack, banquet-tray（餐盘）, paper napkin（纸餐巾）, go Dutch（各自付账），receptionist, service counter, a single room, a double room, customer, manager, boss, well-done（全熟的）, underdone（半熟的）等。

e，医生与病人

常见词与短语:

hospital, doctor, nurse, patient, operation, ward, physician, medicine, surgery, hospital register’s office（挂号处）, outpatient department（门诊部）, emergency department（急诊部）, to suffer from, to give an infection, to give first-aid treatment（急诊）等。



(2)地点与方向

a，Hospital(医院)

常见词与短语:

blood pressure, cough, fever, a headache, pills, tablets, take one’s temperature, take medicine, patient, doctor, nurse, dentist, a physical examination, physician等。

b，Bank(银行)

常见词与短语:

account, bank clerk, current account(活期存款帐户), check, service charge, cash the cheque, saving/check account(储蓄/支票帐户)等。

c，Hotel(宾馆)

常见词与短语:

hotel, motel, a single/double room, a suite, book a room, check in/out, register, fill in a room, make a reservation, lobby, Room Service, reception, front desk, porter, tip等。

d, Railway station(火车站)

常见词与短语:

train, platform, passenger, check in/out, catch a train, miss a train, fail to catch a train等。

e, Bus station/stop(汽车站)

常见词与短语:

conductor, passenger, fare, next stop, the terminal station(终点站)等。

f，Airport or on plane(飞机场或在飞机上)

常见词与短语:

airliner, airlines, land, take off, flight, on board, boarding card, departure, arrival, destination, cancel a flight, delay, check in, luggage, fasten the safe belt, crew等。 g，Library(图书馆)

常见词与短语:

librarian, assistant, call number, book, due, overdue, return, renew, borrow, lend, latest issue, card, catalogue, fine(罚款), fiction, novel, magazine, bookshelf等。

h, Movie/Theatre(影剧院)

常见词与短语:

film, movie, play, show, drama, row, seat, be on (上演，上映), performance, program, Shakespeare, Oscar, ticket, check in, The Twelfth Night等。

i，Store(商店)

常见词与短语:

department store, the grocer’s, drug store, shop, go shopping, market, on sale, sell well, size ,type, fashion, style, color, cost, price, counter, brand, cash, check, assistant, May I help you? What can I do for you? How much does it cost? Here you are. pay, buy, purchase, change(零钱), US dollars, Hong Kong dollars, pounds, shelling, penny等。

j，School/University(学校)

常见词与短语:

campus, department, dean, college, professor, teacher, student, tutor, lecturer, headmaster, principal, lecture, academic report, textbook, semester, examination, test, lab，required course(必修课), elective course(选修课), gymnasium, freshman, sophomore, junior, senior, undergraduate, graduate, post graduate, grade, bachelor’s degree, master’s degree, doctor’s degree等。

k，Restaurant(餐馆)

常见词与短语:

make a reservation, order(点菜), soft drink, wine, beer, brandy, whisky, dessert, salad, soup, bread, rice, noodle, potato, tomato, beef, meat, pork, chicken, mutton, pie, roast, fry, steam(蒸), a dish, main food, menu, Help yourself, I’m full. cook, delicious, taste, smell, waiter, waitress, pay the bill, cash, go Dutch(各付各的帐)等。

l，Post office(邮局)

常见词与短语:

post, mail, postage, stamp, envelope, parcel, air-mail, EMS(Emergent Mail Service), registered mail, transfer(汇款), postcard, telegram, fax(facsimile), cable(电报)等。

m, Customs house(海关)

常见词与短语:

declare (报关), clear/clearance(清关), tariff(关税), pay duty on, duty free, fill in the form, article(物品), passenger, smuggling/smuggle, drugs, illegal, legal等。

n, Meeting(会议)

常见词与短语:

deliver a speech, preside, host, chairman/chairperson, conclude, propose, suggest, for, against, agree, disagree, reinforce, argue, debate, dispute, solution, decide/decision等。

o, Dance & party(舞会/聚会)

常见词与短语:

gather, together, DJ, disco, have a ball, dance with, music, band, dancer, singer, May I have the pleasure of next dance?等。

p, Gas station(加油站)

常见词与短语:

pull in/out, petrol, gasoline, fill in the tank, litre等

q, At home(家里)

常见词与短语:

housework, go to bed, retire to bed, housewife, sitting room, bedroom, washing room, do cooking, gardening, take a rest, in the garden等。

r, Court(法庭)

常见词与短语:

your honor, jury, judge, justice, case, counselor, recess, lawyer, witness, victim, proof, identity, suspicion, to be executed sentence(裁决), imprisonment, execution, laws, legal, illegal, defendant, complainant等。

2.对话听力中其它考查项目，如因果、条件、否定、比较等等。

a.肯定与否定

（1）含否定语义的副词和形容词，如：hardly, barely, scarcely, rarely, little, seldom, few等。

（2）含否定语义的代词和连词， 如：nobody, nothing, neither, nor等。

（3）含否定意义的词缀， 如：im-，un-，mis-，dis-，-less等。

（4）含否定语义的动词、动词词组及介词词组，如：fail, miss, avoid, deny, hate, stop, refuse, doubt, far from, anything but, instead of, rather than等。

（5）含too...to的结构。

（6）强调否定句，句首的否定词多数是never, little, rarely,并且句子必须倒装，如：Never before have I..., Little did they..., Rarely do we...等。

(7)双重否定句，如not uncommon, no one can deny..., not care less等。

(8)注意缩写形式的否定读音，如：aren’t, don’t, hasn’t, weren’t, wasn’t等。

b.具有倍数意义的名词、形容词、副词或动词等

times乘，quarter四分之一，twice两倍，one-third/fourth三/四分之一，couple双，三两个，discount折扣，half(of)……的一半，half as much/ many as加半倍，一倍半，double使加倍，增加一倍，twice as much/ many as是……的两倍percentage百分比，off减、降、少，pair (a pair of)一对，一双

c.比较与选择

as…as和……一样，not as/not so…as… 和……不一样，twice (half) as…as…是……两倍／一半 三组表示同级比较。more/less…than，not more…than，not/no+比较级（＝最高级）三组表示不等比较：“……比……更”。类似词还有never better, nothing better, than ever before, than anyone else, than anything else等等。

其它：the more…,the more…表示越……越……，not so much…as (=less…than…)与其说……不如说……

其它暗含的比较形式还有：动词prefer…rather than/to…, reduce…(to)，形容词top, favorite，句型would rather…than…(宁可……也不……)，the last（＝the least likely），not the less（＝none the less）仍然，依然

3．下面重点介绍一些听力中常见的疑难句式， 下几种类型：

（a）、形肯定意否定的句型（分别介绍六类）：

1、I’d like to／I’d love to，but．．．。表否定，重点放在but后面。如：

—The students’English club is having a party on Saturday night．Can you come？

—I would like to，but I work at a restaurant on weekends．（1990年1月）

2、使用虚拟语气的句子。在很多四级听力考试试题当中，经常采用虚拟语气，这些句子形式上是肯定的，但往往表达一种“本应该，本可以（却没有），希望”的情绪，放在一定的语言环境中表否定。而这一点也是考生常忽略的，要特别注意。如：

—If the traffic wasn’t so bad，I could have been home by 6：00．

—What a pity！John was here to see you．（1990年1月）（意思是如果早到家的话，就可以见到约翰了，但是事实是因为交通堵塞，没能及时回家）

3、I’m sorry，．．．。这种句型是委婉的否定，其后一般接原因。如：

—Hello，may I speak to John Smith，please？

—I’m sorry，nobody by that name works here．（1990年1月）（意思是说没有叫约翰•史密斯的人）

4、由形容词last构成的特殊句型。这种结构的字面意思是“……是最后一个”，但真正的意思是“……是最不可能的”。如：

—Would you like to go mountain climbing with us？

—That’s the last thing in the world I want to do．（字面意思是爬山是这世界上我最后想做的事，反过来讲就是根本不想去爬山）

5、anything but句型。此句型在四级考试中语法与结构部分考过，如果出现在听力理解部分，应该来说比较难，但是如果我们掌握了它的基本意思“除……以外的任何事物”或“根本不”，并在听的过程中多加小心的话，还是可以做对的。如：

—Everyone is helping out with dinner．Could you make the soup？

—Anything but that．（意思是我不可能做汤）

6、由一些特殊短语构成的句型。这种短语很多，因此就需要学生平时不断地个短语为例：

—You’re not much of a rock and roll fan，are you？

—It’s far from being my favorite kind of music，that’s for sure．（这里的be far from短语意思是“远非”，可理解为“这根本不是我所喜欢的音乐”）

（b）、形否定意肯定的句型（分别介绍六类）：

1、Why don’t you／Why not．．．？这种句型相对来说比较简单，意思是“为什么不呢？”，但我们还是应该注意它真正表达的是一个肯定概念，即“建议做某事”。如：

—John，I don’t know what to get for your father．He has just about everything，doesn’t he？

—Do you have any suggestions？

—Why don’t you get him a pocket calculator？（1990年6月）

2、Do you mind．．．？问句的回答用No，of course not．或者Not at all．。虽然字面上是否定的，

而且也理解为“不介意”，但考虑到具体的语境，通常都应理解为肯定的，意思是对方可以做其想做的。

如：

—Do you mind if I borrow your note？

—No，of course not．They are on my desk．（1994年1月）（从侧面讲可以使用）

3、not．．．until．．．句型。此句型一般都应理解为“直到……才”，因此是肯定的。如：

—When can the doctor see me？

—He won’t be free until tomorrow．（1995年1月）（意思是直到明天才能见你）

4、not．．．more／better构成的特殊句型。

此句型意思是不可能有比这样更好的情况发生了，反过来讲就是指这样很好，说者对此表示赞许，所以此句型仍然表示的是肯定意思。如：

—I think it’s high time we turned our attention to the danger of drunk driving now．

—I can’t agree with you more．You see countless innocent people are killed by drunk drivers each year．（1997年6月）（意思是说后者非常同意第一人的观点）

5、Without a doubt；Don’t mention it；No problem等作为回答的否定句型。这些我们常用的作为回答的句型，其实在语境中通常是用作肯定的回答，意思是“没问题”，肯定是这样的。如：

—Do you think we have to review the chapter of Industrial Revolution？

—Without a doubt，it will be on the exam．

6、由一些除not和never之外的否定词如hardly，seldom，scarcely，rarely等构成的句型。这种句型其实本身就应归结为否定句，但在此将其放到这里是想强调这些句子如果出现在听力理解当中，学生经常容易疏忽这些词的否定意思，因此需特别留意。如：

—What a surprise！Tim has improved his English so much after a holiday abroad．

—I can hardly hear an accent．（意思是几乎听不出有任何地方口音）

4. 含"but"的题型

该题型中第二人的答话由两部分组成,先是一个简单的短句,后是一个较长的句子,短句和长句之间用but连接.but后的长句是答案的关键.

5. 表示同意与肯定的常用语(*表示跟表面意思相反的、需要特别注意的表达方法)

1．同意或肯定对方陈述的观点

如：Tony is very hard-working.

表示同意的常用语就有：

(1) With no doubt.

(2) There is no denying.

(3) * I can't agree more.

2.对询问观点的句子的肯定回答

如：How was the concert?

表示肯定的常用语就有：

(1) Not bad.

(2) It was terrific!

(3) It was amazing!

(4) It was fantastic!

(5)* I've never been to a better one.

3．同意帮助对方

如：Can you help me with the math problem?

(1) No problem.

(2) You can count on me.

(3) It's a piece of cake.

(4) Sure.

4.同意对方的提议

如：Shall we go to the seaside for the weekend?

（1）* Why not?

（2）* I really can't wait.

（3）That's what I have in mind.

表示怀疑与否定的常用语

(*表示跟表面意思相反的、需要特别注意的表达方法)

1．怀疑与否定对方陈述的观点

如：Tony is very hard-working.

表示否定的常用语就有：

(1) Are you kidding?

(2) I know you don't mean it.

(3) He is by no means hard-working.

(4) He is anything but hard-working.

(5) * He is the last man that I think hard-working.

2.对询问观点的句子或知识性的问题的否定回答

(1)对询问观点的句子

如：How was the concert?

表示否定的常用语就有：

①I've never been to a worse one.

②Just so-so.

③It sent me to sleep.

④I couldn't help dozing off.

⑤It was a waste of time and money.

⑥*Well, I should have stayed at home.

(2)对知识性的问题

如：Who invented the computer?

①Who knows?

②It is beyond me.

③* It is at the tip of my tongue…

3.拒绝帮助对方

如：Can you help me with the math problem?

(1) You are driving me mad.

(2) I don't want to be interrupted before I finish my term paper.

(3) * I'd like to, but I've got an appointment with a professor at two o'clock.

(4) * I wish I could, but I afraid that I've got to rush now.

（5）*I'm afraid I just ran out of time.

4.拒绝对方的提议或要求

(1)拒绝对方的提议

如：Shall we go to the seaside for the weekend?

①I'd like to, but my paper is due next Monday.

②I'll go if you really want me to, but I want to have a good rest at home.

(2)拒绝对方的要求

如：Try not to make mistakes in your exam.

①* Well, easier said than done.

否定句型在这类题型中，最重要的线索是抓住否定性的关键词。值得注意的是这类题一般都不是以明显的否定方式出现的，所以需要考生多加注意。包含否定性的关键有：

否定副词和形容词：hardly, rarely, little, seldom, few, never等。

否定代词和连词：nothing, nobody, neither, nor, none等。

否定前缀和否定后缀：im-, un-, dis-, non-, -less等。

表否定意义的其他词：fail, miss, avoid, deny, refuse, doubt, far from, anything but, instead of, rather than等。